We represent its sound by (oh) for simplicity, but the actual Irish sound is noticeably different from English "oh". To see this, stand before a mirror and watch your lips as you pronounce the word "oh" slowly. You will see them contract and move out to make an (oo) sound at the end. English "oh" is really a diphthong, a close combination of two vowels.

The Irish sound is a single vowel, made with lips held rounded. Watch you lips again as you say English "oak" slowly. Then try to say it without contracting your lips. You will have the distinctive sound that has sometimes come into English. Try: óg, ól, ón, ór, ós. This vowel sound should be held longer than in English.

If there is no síneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) over an "o" which is nevertheless stressed in a word, pronounce it in the same way but do not hold it as long. Try: obair (OH-bir), oscail (OH-skil), ocht (ohk*t). Notice that this shorter sound may resemble (uh), but in Irish you should not make the error of saying (uh) for this shorter "o". Keep your lips more rounded and contracted than for (uh). Next, try "ocht" and then "ucht" (uk*t), and notice the difference.

REFLEX EXPRESSIONS
In everyday speech in any language, there are certain phrases or sentences with which a speaker reacts instantly to given situations. The expressions are closer to reflex action than to careful selection of words. "Níl a fhios agam" (neel is uh-GUHM) is one example. You must learn some of these to be fluent in speech and to understand written and spoken Irish.

Ná bac leis (naw* bahk lesh), never mind, don't worry about it.

Buíochas le Dia (BWEE-uhk*-uhs le DEE-uh), Thanks be to God, thank Heaven.

Tá go maith (taw* goh mah), All right.

Is cuma liom (is KUM-uh luhm), I don't care, it's all the same to me.

An ndéir tú liom é? (un NAY*R too luhm ay*), You don't say (literally: Do you say it to me?

Fan go fóill (fahn goh FOH-il), Wait a minute, take it easy.

CHECK LIST

1. Are you working on your pronunciation of d, t, c, and g, with the instructions in Lesson 2 and 3?

2. Are you reading aloud?

3. Do you translate back and forth from Irish to English and then from English to Irish in the Vocabulary and Conversation?

4. Do you form a picture in your mind every time you say an Irish word or phrase?

If you answered "No" to any of these questions, you can benefit from reading Lessons 1 to 3 over again.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
To give a command to another person, you must know the imperative form of the verb. This form is almost always the shortest and most basic part of the verb. Later on, you will learn how to change and add to this basic part to tell, for example, that an action happened in the past or will happen in the future.

Here are some imperatives to learn. Note that if you want to tell a person not to do something, you put "Ná" (naw*) before the imperative.

Déan é (day*n ay*), Do it.

Ná déan é (naw* day*n ay*), Don't do it.

Léigh é (lay* ay*), Read it.

Ná léigh é (naw* lay* ay*), Don't read it.

Scríobh é (shkreev ay*), Write it.

Ná scríobh é (naw* shkreev ay*), Don't write it.

Cuir ar an mbord é (kir er un mohrd ay*), Put it on the table.

Ná cuir an bosca ar an mbord (naw* kir un BOHSK-uh er un mohrd), Don't put the box on the table.

Éist liom (ay*sht luhm), Listen to me.

Ná héist leis (naw* hay*sht lesh), Don't listen to him

Ól an bainne (ohl un BAHN-ye), Drink the milk.

Ná hól an tae (naw€ hohl un tay€), Don't drink the tea.

When "Ná" precedes a verb that starts with a vowel, an "h" is put before the verb, as in two examples above. Note also that "é" (ay*), which means "him" or "it", and "í" (ee), which means "her" or "it", are usually put at the end of the sentence.

CONVERSATION
Máire (MAW*-re): Ar chuala tú mo chat aréir, a Sheoirse? (er K*OO-uh-luh too muh k*aht uh-RAY*R, uh HYOHR-she) Did you hear my cat last night, George?

Seoirse (SHOHR-she): Chuala mé é, go cinnte (K*OO-uh-luh may* ay*, goh KIN-te).

I heard it, certainly.

Bhí sé ag screadadh an oíche go léir (vee shay* uh SHKRAD-uh un EE-huh goh lay*r).

It was screeching the whole night.

Agus bhí cat eile ann, freisin (AH-guhs vee kaht EL-e oun, FRESH-in).

And there was another cat there, too.

Maire: Cara leis, is dócha (KAH-ruh lesh, is DOHK*-uh)

A friend of his I, suppose.

Seoirse: Codladh sámh agat anocht (KUHL-uh saw*v uh-GUHT uh-NOHK*T).

Sound sleep to you tonight.

Notes: In pronouncing "Máire", you must put a faint (i) sound between the (maw*) and the (re) sounds. This makes the word sound somewhat like "Moyra" or "Moira", English attempts to represent the sound.